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The 2012 Mini-Poll

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In the fifth consecutive installment of Ten Best Films'"Mini-Poll", the Tativille extended family's annual attempt to find some form of cinematic consensus for the year that was - by means of a statistically insignificant survey - general accord has once again been achieved. At least it has been reached in choosing the film of the year: Leos Carax's Holy Motors. Of this year's ten respondents, seven listed the latest by France's enfant gris (to quote programmer James Quandt) as one of the year's best, with an eighth citing it among the year's better runners up. Among the seven that picked Holy Motors, three chose it as the best film of 2012 - including Tativille's husband-and-wife proprietors - with a fourth listing it in second place. In other words, it was a decisive selection for this year's Mini-Poll respondents, even if personally it represented a soft number one after the very great Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives and Once Upon a Time in Anatolia topped my own picks in 2010 and 2011 respectively. For the record, the former major masterpiece ranks tenth overall in the combined poll results (which are available likewise on the Ten Best Films post linked here) whereas the latter. sixth place finisher in 2011 received points from two more voters in two thousand-twelve, making it more marginally more popular than this year's surprise second place selection.

What was this year's number two? Well, suffice it to say that it premiered at the 2012 Berlin Film Festival (along with this year's even more startling fifth place selection) and is cited in visual form at the top of this post. (It's Christian Petzold's G. D. R.-themed Barbara if any question still remains for the reader.) Between Adopt Films' second and fifth place titles are this year's highest ranked American films, from a pair of well-established auteurs who got their directorial starts during the formative for us all 1990s. Numbers six through eleven - there were eleven films that got three or more films in this year's poll - include two more American titles from an even younger generation of directors, a pair of English-language films from outside the United States, and finally two additional titles from the European Union. Of these, the sixth place Amour came the closest to matching Holy Motors' top-end popularity with two of its three voters listing it as the best of the year, and a third slotting it in at number three. Haneke's strong performance is nothing new to the 'Mini-Poll,' with The White Ribbonremaining 2009's highest ranking world premiere (and of the survey's all-time top eleven).

Finally, let me list those additional titles that were cited by this year's remaining contributors as the year's very best: The Kid with a BikeLeviathan, LooperMoonrise Kingdom and The Turin Horse. Of these, only Leviathan has placed on a single list, though its advanced reputation - and its champion's exceptional track record - would suggest that you will see quite a bit more of it on the two thousand-thirteen Mini-Poll.

For the full 2012 poll results, click here.

And for our individual ballots, click on the italicized websites listed below:


New Film: Django Unchained (2012)

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One half of two thousand-twelve's most essential Hollywood double-feature along with Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012), Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained (2012) pursues and provides the greater and more novel insight into the abhorrent institution of American slavery, unearthing a piquant metaphor in the period-specific performativity that the writer-director's film spotlights. From Christoph Waltz's first on-screen appearance driving a carriage capped with a colossal molar, the writer-director's revisionist latest highlights the process of play-acting and the act of withholding one's identity: Waltz's Dr. King Schultz, a former dentist turned bounty hunter as it happens, labels himself only as a "weary fellow traveler," desirous of purchasing a recently auctioned slave from a pair of Texas slavers. When the latter refuse to accommodate Schultz's abnormal (if still amenably offered) request, Waltz reveals his preternatural faculty with a firearm, executing one of his newly made acquaintances in a manner that extends the film's eponymous citation of the "Spaghetti Western" cycle.

With the title's 'unchained' Django (Jamie Foxx) thus joining the flesh-hunting Schultz, the latter coaches his new riding companion on the role he will be charged to fulfill, first in virtual form and consequently in point-of-fact: that of a free man. Waltz's lead insists on the importance of Django not breaking character, and entreats his new associate to select his costuming - an invitation that initially results in an brassy blue suit and over-sized white lace bow that feels borrowed from the visual lexicon of African American minstrelsy. Of course, when Django is compelled, following his archetypal emergence as a New Hollywood cowboy, to pretend that he is a black slaver, "the lowest of the low" - despite his stated reservations, Foxx's character shows some relish in inhabiting the despicable figure - he opts for dark-toned garments and gold-tinted spectacles that help the undercover black bounty hunter to carry off his latest role in true Tarantino fashion, as a bad-ass.

In transitioning between freeman and black-slaver, Tarantino's Django invites the spectator to consider the performed aspect of each historical type. With the film's subsequent sketching of Samuel L. Jackson's kowtowing head house slave Stephen in disparate public and private settings, where he inhabits profoundly different personas, Django Unchained further extends this discourse onto the institution of slavery itself, with the abundant mental aptitude of Jackson's villainous race-trader coming into view. That is, through Jackson's shifting characterization, one that it should be added that cuts strongly against the Gone with the Wind (1939) simpleton stereotype in its acknowledgement of Stephen's substantial masked intelligence, writer-director Tarantino suggests that slavery itself - and as always its depiction over the course of film history - required an adherence to expected type, which belied the personality and again mental abilities of those inhabiting the roles. Tarantino's film opens up a space between the role and the person (rather than the slave) inhabiting it.

Django Unchained's theatrical discourse serves additionally to translate Inglourious Basterds' (2009) Occupation-era cinematic intertext into a self-referential form more appropriate to the film's mid-nineteenth century moment. The incontrovertibly major Inglourious Basterds indeed provides a point of departure in almost every sense, beginning with its ontological status as an object of psychic historical revision: where Inglourious Basterds provides a fantastic, contingent counter-reality in which Jews and members of the cinematic colony bring about the destruction of the Third Reich, in an orgiastic final act explosion of extreme cartoon violence, Django Unchained gives agency to the victims of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, whether it is the unshackled slaves in the opening set-piece, Django in his role as homicidal bounty-hunter, or the latter in his final, ruthless, John Woo-coded devastation of Candieland (which will include slavers and complicit whites and blacks alike). Django Unchained also responds to and revises Inglourious Basterds' negative Germanic archetype, with former film Nazi Waltz recast as the 'good guy.' At the same time, the World War II film's heroic Americans are now cast as their villainous, slave-owning ancestors in what will prove the first of Django Unchained's many provocations.

Even more inciting perhaps than Django Unchained's audacious anti-Americanism is its approach to its race-centered subject in a purportedly post-racial America. In particular it is Django Unchained's facility for making its spectator take pleasure in one form or another in the focalized Schultz and Django's interactions with the film's execrable Southern subjects, whether it is the humor that he or she finds in Big Daddy's (Don Johnson) sudden, financially prompted acquiescence to Django's visiting freeman; Stephen's hyperbolized embodiment of his house slave role; or the brutal Monsieur Candie's (Leonardo DiCaprio) perverse appreciation of Foxx's black-slaver. In each one of these instances, it is the charisma of the performers, in a further indication of the centrality of the film's performative discourse, along side the character's moral or intellectual flexibility - their humanity, in a manner of speaking - which sanctions the spectators enjoyment.

However, this is not to suggest for a moment that Django Unchained glosses slavery. Indeed, in Tarantino's latest, the viewer is immediately confronted with the nauseating brutality of the institution in the sliced backs of the film's black subjects, the unrepresentable spectacle of dogs ripping a Mandingo fighter to pieces - this off-frame holocaust brings about a change in the German Waltz - and of their dehumanizing denial of family, which in Django Unchained provides the ultimate impetus for the film's cotton-field Odyssey. Django Unchained in this sense is a very moral film, despite its trafficking in an Alfred Hitchcock-inspired amorality and its incursions of extreme visceral violence.

Much more can and should be said for and of Django Unchained, beginning with its exploitation and genre-cinema citations and its admixture of cultural archetypes in the service of its black subject matter. (Of note, for instance, is the provocative appearance of hip-hop to coincide with Django's embodiment of the black-slaver role.) For now and for this writer, let me just close by stating simply that Django Unchained could have been made by no one other than Tarantino and that, for better or (on some socially symptomatic level) worse, the director's latest stands as the most powerful piece of American filmmaking to reach screens in the past twelve months.

Let me thank fellow Tativille contributor Lisa K. Broad for her substantial contributions to this piece,  and especially for her insights into the film's theatrical thesis.

The Spectator as Filmmaker: Abbas Kiarostami's Shirin (2008)

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The film opens with the illustrated pages of Khosrow and Shirin, a story of Persian origins that the great epic poet Hakim Nezami Ganjavi pushed to its romantic apex in the twelfth century.  After a final credit naming Abbas Kiarostami as the director and producer of the work, Shirin (2008) cuts to a close-up of an attractive dark-eyed, round-faced woman of early middle-age seated in a darkened movie theatre.  Off-screen we hear a door unlatching, water dripping and the sound of footsteps on a stone floor.  The woman chews on a finger-full food, nodding briefly to her left, before fixing her gaze back on an off-camera cinema screen.  The film cuts to a second, likewise attractive woman, also chewing, as she watches the same film.  She is younger with droopier eyes and a more ovular face.  As in the first shot, a woman sits in the much less illuminated row behind her (in this case an older woman in a crimson head scarf) as the sound of women mourning becomes audible from the off-camera screen.  A second cut leads to yet another woman staring up at the invisible projected image with the first lines of film dialogue voiced over: “It’s time for my story.”  With this, the tragic story of Khosrow and Shirin unfolds in a motion picture that remains for us audible but unseen.

While we hear the off-camera adaptation proceed in its entirety from Shirin’s ecstatic discovery of Khosrow’s portrait to the heroine’s suicide at the tale’s conclusion (through a series of dialogues, accentuated sound effects and a conventionally manipulative score) we watch as a series of more than one hundred Persian women, with the jarring exception of Juliette Binoche, react to the projected film on camera.  Kiarostami maintains the same framing for each: a woman wearing a head-scarf is composed in a carefully lit close-up with typically darker planes behind her featuring additional female and occasionally male spectators.  Variations in the lighting of the unseen film reflect into the auditorium, painting Khosrow and Shirin’s spectators intermittently as they stare up at the invisible screen.  The women laugh, gasp, recoil and frequently weep as they react to what they (but not Shirin’s viewers) see on screen.  With the graphic, squishing sound of Shirin plunging a small dagger violently into her torso, an aged female spectator glances down, wiping a tear from her cheek before casting her gaze back up at the screen.  A non-diegetic, male-female duet commences within the off-screen picture as both films fade to black.  The music continues as Kiarostami rolls the credits for his one hundred-ten on-camera performers and twenty-two voice actors.         

***

In Abbas Kiarostami’s cinema of half-finished diegetic worlds requiring the spectator’s active participation to bring the works to completion, no film sustains a larger absence, nor requires a greater act of collaboration, than does Shirin.  As a film that systematically refuses to cutaway or to reverse fields from its ubiquitous female spectators to the always audible events occurring on the unseen screen, Shirin not only allows but insists that its viewers imaginatively supply a style to what is proceeding out-of-view, to make the visual choices that are traditionally the purview of the filmmakers: namely, to decide how the off-screen film looks, how it is lit, how the actors are blocked, whether the dialogue sequences utilize shot/reverse-shot editing and so on.  Of  course, Kiarostami does offer his spectators cues, as for instance the off-screen film’s reflected nocturnal shadows that envelope the room in a greater darkness, or conversely the waves of brighter light, bouncing off the invisible screen, which break through the auditorium and suggest a sudden, luminous daylight in the off-camera narrative.  Likewise, through the unseen film’s competing panoply of sounds, Kiarostami invites us to imagine the off-screen of the off-screen film; a mise-en-abymeof off-camera space is produced accordingly.  However, both the places and the people featured in the off-screen retelling of Khosrow and Shirinremain hidden from our view, subject to our own making (to the extent that we participate) in tandem with the sounds of their voices, the opening illustrated credits or even our images of the characters that we bring into the viewing.  In other words, we are permitted by Kiarostami to cast the actors, scout the locations and create the mise-en-scène, albeit within the parameters of a film practice, like Kiarostami’s, that remains attentive to off-camera sound and thus space. 

In suggesting an off-screen for a screen that is itself off-screen, Kiarostami further expands the space depicted in his cinema, which as always far exceeds that which the director captures between the four edges of his frames. Kiarostami frequently constructs the spaces of his films to insist on the relative smallness of the on-screen visual field within the greater framework of a world that his camera only fleetingly – and restrictively – captures.  Beyond the visible in these films there is an abundance of existence, whether it is the souls of the director’s The Wind Will Carry Us (1999) or the mise-en-scèneof the unseen Khosrow and Shirinadaptation. 

At the same time, the visible in Shirin provides excesses of its own.  First, there are the more than one hundred women who populated Kiarostami’s static, close-up framings.  Though, in obedience with Iranian law, each wears a headscarf – thereby facilitating modesty by reducing the emphasis on the wearer’s outward appearance – the director’s method of framing each woman in extended, intimate close-up counteracts the logic of these coverings as its asks us to contemplate each woman’s appearance.  In our prolonged study of the film’s nearly uniformly beautiful set of actresses, we come to notice the smallest physical differences, whether it is a suppler lower lip or wider set eyes.  In this regard, Kiarostami pursues both the extreme repetition of works like Fellow Citizen (1983) and The Wind Will Carry Us, while also demanding the subtler, minute variation-based spectatorship of his landscape film Five Dedicated to Ozu (2003). 

Similarly, the responses of Shirin’s on-screen performers to the off-camera narrative provide us with an additional category of excess.  In contrast to the frequently inattentive, normative film spectator, or to the even more distracted, fragmentary viewer of the art gallery – Shirin’s original mode of exhibition – Kiarostami’s on-camera female spectators remain uniformly attentive to the unseen narrative; they almost never stop reacting to the film they are watching.  As such, we become aware of the fictitiousness of their gesturing and thus, of the gap between the performer and the feelings they articulate.  Nevertheless, the emotional tenor of the performers’ responses invite us to see in Shirin’s travails those of the modern Persian women.  In this concern, as in the film’s systematic use of close-ups to frame female faces, Shirin points back to the director’s feminist Ten (2002).  Both films also reaffirm, along with Pedro Costa’s Colossal Youth (2006) and Wang Bing’s Fengming: A Chinese Memoir (2007), that the baseline for twenty-first century minimalism resides in close-ups of the human face.   

Yet, Shirin offers another, very different spectatorial experience to its viewers.  By placing the greatest emphasis on what we hear rather than what we see, Shirin becomes a much more conventional narrative experience: a story, replete with romantic intrigue and graphic violence, told chronologically following an opening framing device.  It becomes in other words its off-screen adaptation of Khosrow and Shirin, which notably differs substantially from the director’s personal idiom.  Indeed, though it is easy to speculate that Kiarostami himself would never make the film-within-the-film in the conventional form that his soundtrack suggests, the director permits this right to his spectator by leaving Shirin’s meta-narrative off-screen, and thus, unfinished.  Again, he leaves it to his viewers to “make” the film as they see fit.

English Title(s):Shirin, My Sweet Shirin
Original Title: Shirin

Country of Origin:Iran
Production Company: Abbas Kiarostami Productions
Director: Abbas Kiarostami
Producer: Abbas Kiarostami
Executive Producer: Hamideh Razavi
Based on Khosrow and Shirinby: Farrideh Golbou
Inspired by the work of: Hakim Nezami Ganjavi
Screenplay: Mohammed Rahmanian
Based on the 12thcentury poem by: Nezami
Cinematography: Mahmoud Kalari, Houman Behmanesh

Editor: Abbas Kiarostami, Arash Sadeghi l.n.

Sound: M. Reza Delpak
Sound Recording: Mani Hashemian, Reza Narimizadeh
Music: Heshmat Sanjari, Morteza Hananeh, Hossein Dehlavi, Samin Baghchehban  

Conductor: Manouchehr Sahbaie
Singers: Hossein Sarshar, Solmaz Naraghi
Lyrics: Sheikh Farid, Aldin Attar
Runtime: 92 mins.
Genre:ArtGalleryInstillation
Color: Color
Cast: 132 credited on-screen performers and voice actors including Mahnaz Afshar, Taraneh Alidoosti, Juliette Binoche, Golshifteh Farahani, Niki Karimi
Year: 2008

Every Howard Hawks Film Ranked

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With submission coming of my completed dissertation, The Early Hawks: Howard Hawks and His Films, 1926-1936, I thought it only fitting to provide some form of commemoration in this space. Feeling the momentary fatigue of writing, re-writing and revising the four-chapter project - The Early Hawks consists of "Regarding Eve's Rising Hemline" (on Fig Leaves), "Hawks Before the Hawksian" (on the pictured Paid to Love, The Cradle Snatchers and Fazil, with a Scarface coda), "The Dawn Patrol, the Group and Male Homo-sociality," and "Professionalism, the Protestant Ethic and the New Deal in Hawks" (mostly on The Criminal Code, Tiger Shark, Come and Get It and Ceiling Zero), in addition to an "Introduction" and "Conclusion," naturally - I have decided instead to go with an ill-advised, certain crowd-pleaser: a list of every Howard Hawks directed film, categorized by achievement and ranked in approximate order of preference. Enjoy, and I look forward to your own Hawks rankings (and fiery recriminations) in the comments section.

Supreme Masterpieces:
1. Rio Bravo (1959)
2. Scarface (1932)
3. His Girl Friday (1940)
4. Only Angels Have Wings (1939)

Additional Masterworks:
5. Hatari! (1962)
6. To Have and Have Not (1944)
7. Monkey Business (1952)
8. Bringing Up Baby (1938)
9. Ceiling Zero (1936)
10. I Was a Male War Bride (1949)
11. Twentieth Century (1934)
12. Red River (1948)

Signature and Other Major Works:
13. The Dawn Patrol (1930)
14. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)
15. Air Force (1943)
16. The Criminal Code (1931)
17. The Big Sleep (1946)
18. Fig Leaves (1926)
19. The Thing from Another World(1951)*
20. A Girl in Every Port (1928)

Varying Degrees of Good:
21. The Big Sky(1952)
22. Come and Get It (1936)
23. El Dorado (1966)
24. The Cradle Snatchers (1927)
25. Man's Favorite Sport? (1964)
26. Tiger Shark (1932)
27. The Crowd Roars (1932)

Essential if More Mixed in Their Success:
28. Ball of Fire (1941)
29. Red Line 7000 (1965)
30. The Road to Glory (1936)

Minor Achievements:
31. Sergeant York (1941)
32. Barbary Coast (1935)
33. Paid to Love (1927)
34. Rio Lobo (1970)
35. Today We Live(1933)
36. A Song is Born (1948)

Deeply Flawed and Failed Pictures:
37. Fazil (1928)
38. The Ransom of Red Chief(1952)
39. Land of the Pharaohs(1955)
40. Trent's Last Case (1929)

Notes: Though The Thing from Another World [*] technically was directed by Christian Nyby, with Howard Hawks credited as "producer," few films are more expressive of the filmmaker's unique auteurship. For this reason, and for the persistent rumors of Hawks's greater involvement, it has been included in this accounting.

However, two films from which Hawks was let go shortly after shooting began, The Prizefighter and the Lady (1933) and Viva Villa!(1934), have been excluded. Neither, in the opinion of this writer, is particularly interesting in view of or germane to Hawks's larger body of work.

Likewise excluded are Hawks's two lost features, his directorial debut The Road to Glory(1926) and his first partial talking picture The Air Circus (1928). Of these two, there is every reason to believe that The Air Circus is the more substantial achievement.

Translation and Transposition in Abbas Kiarostami's Like Someone in Love (2012)

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Like Someone in Love (2012) is a cinema of translation and transposition, of Iranian writer-director Abbas Kiarostami's rural, vehicular aesthetic into Tokyo's congested, neon-saturated present, and of the Islamic Republic's internationally invisible sex-workers and regressive romantic politics into a more outwardly conducive, if less authentic East Asian setting. Kiarostami's latest enacts a psychodrama forbidden by the censors of the Islamic nation - though it is no doubt known to its populace - where Rin Takanashi's (pictured) collegiate prostitute tearfully avoids a reunion with her visiting grandmother, spends the night at the residence of the director's elderly translator surrogate, and ultimately becomes the physical and emotional victim of her overly possessive boyfriend's audible and off-screen acts of abuse. (Like Someone in Love also imports a modern versus traditional discourse, which the film collapses into a nosy neighbor who spies through a lace curtain that the work transforms into a symbolic veil.) Much like Jafar Panahi's This is Not a Film (2011), Like Someone in Love is a kind of elegy for the unmade, impossible masterpieces of contemporary Iranian cinema, and one has a sense that such a work is concealed beneath the nearly anonymous Japanese surface it affects.  

The film's violence, a new presence in Kiarostami's post-Revolutionary cinema, save for the implied suicide of Taste of Cherry (1997), culminates in the picture's concluding ellipsis, where, in typical Kiarostami fashion, the spectator is left to speculate upon and decide the fate of the film's melodrama. In this sense, Like Someone in Love adds violence (and a more explicit, though still off-screen sex) to its expatriate successor Certified Copy's (2010) concluding prospect of copulation. Away from Iran, though still very much embedded within its hidden social dynamics, Kiarostami continues to produce work that had been impossible previously within the filmmaker's post-Revolutionary production context - even as it would achieve a certain kinship with the director's pre-Revolutionary The Report (1977).

Despite the fact that Like Someone in Love inscribes a new direction in Kiarostami's art, it remains a work ripe with the filmmaker's signature aesthetic: from the film's opening shot/counter-shot set-ups, Kiarostami emphasizes a richly populated off-screen space that will persist in dialogue with the picture's constricted on screen. With the taxi-cab's consequent departure from the opening set-piece's Bar Rizzo, Kiarostami's latest becomes yet another luxuriation in the (in this instance, built) spectacle of the world that passes through the car-window frame window.  In other words, for all of its departures from the subject matter and setting of Kiarostami's defining 1990s idiom, Like Someone in Love is still immediately recognizable as the director's own, as the latest historically essential entry into the cinema's most significant post-1960s corpus. Certainly, Like Someone in Love can and should be recommended to any follower of Kiarostami's work - and, one supposes, reader of this site - even if its moment-to-moment engagement (strange to say for a Kiarostami film that is more conventionally entertaining than his many masterworks) and the leaden nature of its cultural inscription make it the director's least successful fiction feature in decades. Unlike his previous meta-modernist masterpiece Certified Copy, Like Someone in Love represents an awkward act of translation that may just be less interesting than the sub-surface political critique at which the film hints.

This piece was co-authored by Lisa K. Broad and Michael J. Anderson.

New Film: Beyond the Hills (2012)

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Completely composed of shifting single-take set-ups that systematically substitute for an analytic breakdown of the bleak Carpathian landscape and barren convent interiors, Cristian Mungiu's epic-length Beyond the Hills (2012, Dupa dealuri) serves to summarize the 'new' cinema of the filmmaker's Romanian national cohort, even if it at first more fully calls to mind the over-the-shoulder devotional humanism of its Belgian co-producers, Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne. From the fluid follow-shot that opens the film on a rural railway platform, Mungiu, in much the same manner as the makers of the superlative The Son (2002, Le fils), organizes his spaces and narrative around his two co-focal female leads, the twenty-something nun Voichita (Cosmina Stratan) and her newly arrived, fellow orphaned friend, Alina (Cristina Flutur). Mungiu's mise-en-scène in fact establishes an immediate and conspicuous contrast between the less-religious emigrant Alina and her monastic hosts, with the charcoal costuming of Voichita and the latter contingent contraposed against the bolder palette of the former. Alternatively, when Voichita visits a city hospital, the dark tones of her habit set her off within the secular institutional setting. The material is rich with meaning in Mungiu's spiritually themed latest.

Beyond the Hills builds its discourse around a series of structuring, dialectical contrasts: religious and secular, socially conservative and liberal, old-fashioned and modern, East and West. Among the two alternatives inscribed by Beyond the Hills' contrastive leads, Mungiu allies himself with the secular, liberal, Western value system that Alina comes to embody emotionally and indirectly, through her less than reciprocated homosexual feelings for Voichita. To this point, it must be noted that the film's archly unsympathetic exorcist Priest (Valeriu Andriuta) interprets same-sex marriage as a symbol of the West's substantial spiritual poverty, and in this sense its substantial inferiority in comparison to the East. Beyond the Hills thus succeeds Mungiu's feminist, abortion-themed 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007, 4 luni, 3 saptamâni si 2 zile) with a gay-rights subtext that provides the film with its own, socially liberal political provocation.

Even more strikingly, however, Mungiu's queer thematic contributes to Beyond the Hills' contemporary re-working of the Christ figure, with Alina climatically crucified by the pharisaical priest and sisters for her erotic love. (Alina, it should be added, also suffers a seizure in keeping with Dostoevsky's epileptic, equally radical reinterpretation of the Christ character-type in The Idiot.) In the end, it is the order's sin-obsessed spiritual life - a mode of being that leads to the culminating exorcism and consequent accidental killing - that proves Mungiu's primary critical object. With this result, Voichita, who heretofore has provided a reticent site of negotiation for the film's dialectical division between monastic life and the outside world - this same contrast also offers a means of mapping a socially regressive Romania and Eastern Europe within the larger, more enlightened global community - comes to understand her own guilt in her friend's death. The film's monastery is not immured, therefore, but rather contributes to the sorry state of contemporary reality that is analogically collapsed into the film's final splash of mud on the police van windshield.

With Alina's lifeless body transported to the emergency room earlier in Beyond the Hills' concluding act, Mungiu's sensational latest moves into the same (secular) institutional setting as fellow Romanian auteur Cristi Puiu's extraordinary international breakthrough, The Death of Mr. Lazarescu (2005, Moartea domnului Lazarescu). The tie burns on the deceased's wrists accordingly invite a police investigation, which in turn elicits further comparisons to Corneliu Porumboiu's very fine Police, Adjective (2009, Politist, adjectiv) and Puiu's homicide-centered major-work, Aurora (2010). Beyond the Hills, in other words, synthetically develops into an anthology of the recent Romanian 'new wave,' with a temporal emphasis (in its description of a prolonged experience of waiting and in its systemic repetitions) and institutional analysis to match the governing predilections of one of the early twenty-first cinema's most distinctive home cinemas. Beyond the Hills stands as nothing less than its latest apotheosis, and a substantial leap forward for the director of the widely acclaimed 4 Months.

New Film: Spring Breakers (2012) & No (2012)

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A floating miasma of fantasy and myth, Harmony Korine'sSpring Breakers (2012) follows four childhood friends, Faith (Selena Gomez), Candy (Vanessa Hudgens), Brit (Ashley Benson) and Cotty (Rachel Korine), on their surreal odyssey into the delirium and degradation of college party culture. Spring Breakers slides deftly between the co-eds' competing and distinct objects of desire and despair, progressively projecting Faith's quasi-spiritual perception of sisterhood and paradise, Cotty's insatiable if somehow controlled (or controlling) path of sensuality and substance abuse, and finally the bi-sexual Brit and Candy's darker pursuit of a Nietzschean power and violence. That is, the nighttime scooter rides and Faith's swimming pool talk of buying a home together with her friends in Florida will be supplanted, in turns, by Cotty's binge-partying and the lusty celebration of her animal appeal, and finally by the (loaded) gun-barrel blow-job that the inseparable bad-girls Candy and Brit force on their shared paramour, Alien (James Franco). Franco's original Caucasian "g" of course will provide not only another source for the picture's shifting projections of fantasy - setting aside Faith, the girls seem to lose their identities in his presence, becoming both "mermaids" and "soul-mates" for the St. Petersburg baller - he also offers a path to the conspicuous consumption that co-eds collectively seek.

In this latter sense, Alien also presents a site of modern myth, filtering the flush criminal lifestyle of Brian De Palma's name-checked Scarface (1983) and the admixed racial archetypes of Jim Jarmusch's superlative Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai (1999). However, for the most outwardly innocent of the spring-breakers, the dabbler in Evangelical spiritual experience Faith - Gomez's character accordingly negotiates the continued American bifurcation between collegiate amorality and teenage fundamentalism - her confrontation of a genuine black-gangster culture (and not just its anesthetized white-rap alternative) provides the final impetus for her departure from the fallen, mythic MTV paradise. For her more Dionysian friend Cotty, the dream becomes a nightmare when she is struck by drive-by gunfire, which is to say when she deals with the real-world consequences of thug life - not that there is or is intended to be much of the real in the filmmaker's youth-fueled fable. Then again, when the film's fantastic register reaches its apotheosis in the concluding video-game bloodbath that sends the two most cold-blooded spring-breakers back to their middle American home (with promises of personal reform), Alien abruptly is cut-down, even before the final hail of bullets begins. For Alien, the co-eds' touristic reverie is indeed a tragically reality.

Spring Breakers ultimately concerns itself with an impossibility: the dream to make permanent the impermanent, whether again it is Alien's criminal lifestyle or the girls' substance-fueled week on a Florida beach. Korine approaches his subjectivized ephemeral subject with a looping, repetitive temporality that at once distends and even pauses time, a strategy that figures likewise in the film's indistinct narrative timeline, while also effecting the elegiac impression of an experience already lived, a moment already lost. Spring Breakers, in other words, slows time, while still admitting the impossibility of curbing its flowing - a point, in the latter case, that is brought home by the picture's propulsive sense of rhythm, of the film's forward progress. In the end, Spring Breakers is a work that is perpetually permeated by the seductive, by a life of material wealth and debauchery lived in a lawless paradise, under the electric glow of a pulsating neon, and in the eternal presence and bloom of the young female body.

No less a product of methodical mediation, Pablo Larraín's Cannes prize-winner and Oscar-nominated No (2012)filters its crowd-pleasing political content, that of the 1988 Chilean plebiscite, through a hyper-low grade video technology that succeeds first in historically situating the non-fiction subject in stylistic terms. As colors leech and whites bleach and blow out Larraín's analog imagery, in virtual avant-garde fashion, No trades on its outdated technology's obvious limitations to secure a sense of authentic visual experience, to give the impression less of the depicted moment itself than of how events appeared through the film's distinctive period media. In so doing, No also effectuates the kitsch experience of reliving an outmoded aesthetic past, something that Larraín's film does to an even greater degree in the re-produced period plebiscite ads that provide No with its purest moments of popular entertainment. In its period visual culture as well as in its anti-Pinochet politics, No is a work of contemporary consensus, of a flag-waving left-center populism that transforms No into an Argo (2012) for those uncomfortable with the Affleck film's pro-American and C.I.A. connotations.

This review was co-authored by Lisa K. Broad and Michael J. Anderson. Both films are currently being distributed commercially in the United States: Spring Breakers is being released by Annapurna Pictures and No by Sony Pictures Classics.

New Film: To the Wonder (2012)

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A Romantic inquiry into love's eternal inconstancy and its coextensive capacity for redemption, American master Terrence Malick's sixth directorial feature, To the Wonder (2012), enumerates and allegorizes its conflated content early in its first act: Olga Kurylenko's Marina and Ben Affleck's Neil, the film's off-again on-again lovers, lustfully embrace inside the cold granite confines of Mont Saint-Michel's Medieval abbey. Theirs is a fitful attempt at a Keatsian transcendence that To the Wonder will continue to chart as the formerly inflamed couple shift from the soft diffuse light of Marina's Northern France to the glowing ambers of Affleck's Great Plains home. The partially autobiographical To the Wonder - the director married a Frenchwoman (whom he later divorced) while residing in Paris in 1985 - emerges as a New World (2005) in reverse, with its frequently frivolous female lead following her often ineffectual man deep into the methadone-ravaged interior of Malick's Middle America. Marina - who, for a time, is supplanted in Neil's affections byformer acquaintance Jane (Rachel McAdams) - ultimately will provide a site of struggle, of the warring forces intrinsic to human nature, with the surreal appearance of an Italian friend giving external voice and license to her more illicit desires. The war, in other words, that The Thin Red Line (1998) sees in the "heart of nature," is staged inside the conflicted soul of Malick's maternal lead.

In this same Bartlesville, Oklahoma location that provides the setting for Marina's alienation, Malick introduces Javier Bardem's spiritually tortured Father Quintana, who, in moving among the disfigured population of the decaying mid-American postwar's, decries his inability to see a God who is everywhere and experience a God who is present in everything. (The Thin Red Line's pantheistic philosophy in this respect is re-imagined as Roman Catholic metaphysics.) To the Wonder will indeed persist in refusing the Spanish transplant the spiritual rebirth for which he thirsts, insisting instead that he struggle on in his life of service for society's neediest, for its outcasts and dispossessed. Malick's film similarly refuses its more well-healed romantic protagonists with an emotional epiphany of their own, opting instead for a grace made visible in Affleck's late gesture of forgiveness (in the image of The Tree of Life's after-life act). Rather, the love in which both of To the Wonder's marriages will conclude, be it Marina and Neil's or Father Quintana's to the Church, will be modeled after the Priest's homily: love is not something to be found or discovered - as the film itself first represents romantic love in its opening "newborn" sequence - but rather is something to be made, to be brought about by an act of will.

In the aforementioned 'newborn' passage, a briskly and elliptically edited low-grade DV set-piece that introduces the reciprocal romantic feeling first shared by Marina and Neil, Malick identifies with the pre-cognitive, virgin visuality of Stan Brakhage's pre-hand-painted corpus. Malick's affinity with the American avant-garde also appears in his discrete selection of flat, textured images, recalling Nathaniel Dorsky, and in his cardinal emphasis on gradations and effects of light that place the film in a tradition that includes Robert Beavers. Then again, To the Wonder's subjectivity, lyrical visual economy and accentuation of natural lighting effects all represent key components of the Malickian aesthetic in its own right. Taking cues, to begin with, from the preteen narration of Days of Heaven (1978) and the shifting commentary of The Thin Red Line and The New World, Malick manufactures an outsiders perspective on the director's adolescent home, one that in part consists of the combined private reflections of Marina, her ten year-old daughter Anna (Romina Mondello) and Father Quintana. Then there is Malick's increasingly fragmentary and anti-immersive method of montage, that of The New World and especially The Tree of Life, which attends more to the lyrical and textural properties of the individual image, to the creation of an impression, than to the construction of chains of causality. Finally, there is Emmanuel Lubezki's sensitive, golden-hour cinematography that immediately calls to mind, much more than the American avant-garde, the luminous prairie landscapes of the director's very great Days of Heaven.

In the end, To the Wonder may not exactly match the imagistic richness and poetic myth-making of Days of Heaven, the narratological and philosophical ambitions of The Thin Red Line, or the purity and depth of romantic passion displayed within The New World. Though To the Wonder may just be lesser when judged against the impossibly competitive metric of past Malick, it is by every other standard a major and even prophetic work of an all-too-uncommon early twenty-first American art cinema. For better or for worse, Malick shows the way forward for a post-diegetic, Middle-American lyricism.

New Film: Pain & Gain (2013)

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A stupendously captivating, admirably self-aware piece of attention-oriented action-hack cinema, Michael Bay's Pain & Gain (2013), from Christopher Markus and Steven McFeely's adaptation of Pete Collins's eponymous original, promises and delivers a self-deprecating summation of the filmmaker's much maligned auteurship: Pain & Gain produces a metaphor, in its moron-driven, steroid-fueled blunder, for Bay's deliriously dismissed art (with Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's casting crystallizing the 1995-set film's conspicuous self-consciousness). Mark Wahlberg's "doer" and convert to the fitness faith, Daniel Lugo, emerges as the ring-leader for a dimly conceived abduction plot that at least for a period propels Lugo, Johnson's Christian rock-loving, coke-head Paul Doyle - Pain & Gain is reasonably certain to be the only film this or any year to reference gospel glam-rockers Stryper - and Anthony Mackie's modestly endowed Adrain Doorbal into a previously unattainable affluence. Lugo, despite the ill-gotten and comically unstable source for his new life, remains certain that his rise out of sweatpants is a karmic conferral of justice, the coming of what is for the film an ambiguous American dream. Wahlberg's first lead professes his belief in this cosmic form of justice as he participates in a shifting voice-over that will include not only the criminal trio, but also their victim Victor Kershaw - Tony Shalhoub's archly unsympathetic delicatessen mogul - and Ed Harris's private dick, Ed Du Bois.  (Pain & Gain's principle performances are uniformly worthy of accommodation.) In so doing, that is in producing a multi-voiced, over-dubbed narration, Bay constructs a low-brow analogy to the amorphous commentary of the cinema of Criterion label-mate, Terrence Malick.

Pain & Gain is also a film of bodies, or better still, artificially perfected anatomies, whether they are the result of injection, augmentation - one character's implants provide the investigative key to identifying her dissected form - or even manufacture, as the film's gay sex-toy warehouse intimates. (By this latter setting, Bay bluntly sends up his weightlifters' obvious, outwardly macho masculinity.) Of course, they are also abused bodies: steroids and narcotics are consumed once again; Doyle loses a toe - which comically becomes a canine chew-toy - and is covered in green security paint, all during the same a police shootout; and the severed hands of a wealthy couple are put on a grill in an effort to eliminate any identifying evidence. In this latter moment, Pain& Gain provides its most pitch-black punctum, supported by one of the film's relatively frequent on-screen titles: as the spectator is reminded, "this is still a true story." As many critics have observed, Pain & Gain indeedprovides a South Floridan twist on the Coen brothers' Fargo (1996), borrowing everything from its real-world inspiration to its amateur abduction plot and even its chopped extremities. This latter trope also recalls Showtime's "Dexter," which provides one of the more pronounced examples of recent Miami-based screen art, alongside F/X's even more germane, plastic surgery-centered "Nip/Tuck," Michael Mann's magnificent Miami Vice (2006), and in a spiritual sense, the Gulf Coast-situated Spring Breakers (2012) of more recent vintage. Nocturnally bathed in the blue neon that illuminates South Florida's freeways from below, the Miami screen narrative is one of absolute corporeal excess and artificial enhancement - much like the prototypical Bay picture itself.

Out of the Murky Depths: Lucien Castaing-Taylor and Véréna Paravel's Leviathan (2012)

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Abstracted from the oily murk and enveloping shadow of the swirling North Atlantic surf, Lucien Castaing-Taylor and Véréna Paravel's Leviathan (2012) is an accidental work of the avant-garde, an Anticipation of the Night-style "lyrical" documentary that does not so much transport its spectator to its accursed seascape as it offers a tactile impression of the hard labor performed inside the tempest. A film filled finally with viscous textures and violent camera movements, Leviathan begins and ends in darkest nautical night, in the funereal sea from which the initially unformed flecks of light and empty canvas will suddenly give way to the ship's sparely illuminated deck and the sky's gliding, scavenging gulls. On board the storm-tossed ship, the saltwater spray covers Castaing-Taylor and Paravel's camera lens, thus calling our attention to its discrete physical presence within the larger adversarial setting. Leviathan's muffled mic work provides a similar sense of separation, of recording objects existing within but materially distinct from their host environs. In the end, this is the opposite of Flahertian documentary, of a world presented as it appears before an invisible apparatus: Leviathan instead emphasize the embodied presence of its camera operators (for whom the apparatus at times becomes an added appendage) as well as the mind-twisting impossibility of its more soaring set-ups. Castaing-Taylor and Paravel's film foremost attends to the laborious act and process of shooting its antagonistic Atlantic environment.

As a narrative of perilous professional life, Leviathan opposes itself implicitly to The Deadliest Catch, the long-form Discovery Channel documentary that purposefully provides one of Castaing-Taylor and Paravel's clearest passages of recorded audio. Most importantly, Leviathan lacks The Deadliest Catch's voice-over narration, which in the case of the cable hit serves to delineate the persons and personalities that the television series chronicles. Castaing-Taylor and Paravel take a far less clarifying approach, frequently presenting their human subjects in close-in fragments of wind-scarred and ink-stained flesh. Leviathan by comparison is attuned to surfaces and is alive to the semi- and in-animate, to the topless mermaid painted on the captain's forearm, to the dancing multi-colored netting that hangs off the side of the ship's deck and to the piles of dying fish whose impact is as much tactile and olfactory as it is visual. The latter content also contributes to a horror-picture subtext (one that the filmmakers marry with the aesthetics of metal) that finds even more conspicuous representation in the half-alive floating fish-heads and in the cascades of blood and innards issuing from the ocean vessel.

Then again, Leviathan is less aggressive in its moments of horror than it is in its sequences of slow-cinema: a post-credit long-take passage continues well beyond the eclipse of the visual, while the earlier Deadliest Catch set-piece concludes with the same tattooed sailor falling asleep before the camera. In this latter moment, Leviathan pokes fun at not only its infinitely less adventurous cable point-of-departure, but also its own anticipated slumberous effect on its spectators. For many in Castaing-Taylor and Paravel's audience, however, Leviathan is a truly invigorating experience, a new form of experimental documentary - much more in fact than Castaing-Taylor's conventionally contemplative, if still successful Sweetgrass(2009) - that makes for one of the year's richest aesthetic and ontological encounters.

This review was co-authored by Michael J. Anderson and Lisa K. Broad. Cinema Guild is currently distributing Leviathan in the United States.

The Best of Netflix Instant: Neighboring Sounds (2012)

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Lost amid the clamor for the once great Arrested Development's poorly conceptualized streaming-service return - the first few character-focused episodes suggest the further quickening of Season 3's already rapid regression toward the Ron Howard mean - May more significantly marks the Netflix Instant and home video premieres of one of the past year's most outstanding fiction-feature debuts, Kleber Mendonça Filho'sNeighboring Sounds (O som ao redor, 2012). Set among the affluent tower blocks of metropolitan Recife - as one character pointedly protests, this is not a film of Brazil's favelas - Neighboring Sounds reveals a mode of upper/middle-class existence lived behind painted steel security gates, in perpetual fear of a mostly unseen under-class criminal other.

When and where Northeast Brazil's poorer population does appear within the heavily monitored community, there is at best some measure of awkwardness to their interactions with the residents (take for instance João's [Gustavo Jahn] conversation with the night cashier), not to mention the impression - one that the film conspires to confirm: see the sudden sharp ring of the telephone as a couple trespasses in an empty home - that they do not belong. Of course, Neighboring Sounds undercuts this simple calculus of the poor as criminal as it is the wealthy grandson of the community's most prominent resident, Francisco Oliveira (W. S. Sohla), who in fact is responsible for a string of car-stereo robberies. Neighboring Sounds, in other words, does not succumb to the breathtaking simplicity of Fernando Meirelles and Kátia Lund's favela-set City of God (2002), the last Brazilian fiction feature to receive a fair share of international traction, but rather reproduces a world where dangers exist both inside and outside the bright white bars of the high-security city.

Following a short prologue that commences with a set of rural-themed stills that retrospectively situate Neighboring Sounds within classical modernist discourses, and a long Steadicam set-up that serves as the first of two conspicuous references to The Shining(1980), Filho divides his surveillance-centered narrative into three sequential parts, with each referencing a different form of neighborhood security: "guard dogs" for part one, "night guards" for the second segment, and "bodyguards" for the climactic last. As the heavily elliptical, hyper-slow burn narrative progresses, from the comedic drugging of a canine that gives the first part its name to the concluding narrative left-turn that thrusts Neighboring Sounds into unexpected generic territory (more on this below) Filho and his cinematographers Pedro Sotero and Fabricio Tadeu employ visual strategies associated with surveillance, be it in the telephoto zoom-ins that capture the film's alienated subjects (imprisoned within their well-appointed homes) or in the close-circuit work that literalizes said predilection.

Equally focal, thematically no less than graphically, is Neighboring Sounds' domestic architecture, whether it is as a reminder of the class-based fear around which the film's subjects organize their daily lives, or for the allegorical work that the steel bars do in echoing the picture's shifting set of protagonists' alienated experiences of twenty-first century Brazil. Maeve Jinkings' cannabis-smoking housewife presents the most conspicuous site for the latter discourse, while also providing one of the films's more memorable characterizations: it is the actress's Bia who incapacitates the yapping dog, pleasures herself atop a quivering kitchen appliance, and sporadically (if affectingly) mouths the lyrics to Queen's "A Crazy Little Thing Called Love," in a single, static close-up.

Apart from Bia and her Mandarin-speaking children - they drop their English lessons in favor of the sexier contemporary alternative - Neighboring Sounds focuses most consistently on the neighborhood patriarch Oliveira, a figure of the nation's and, as it happens, security entrepreneur Clodoaldo's (Irandhir Santos) past, and another of his grandsons, the aforementioned João, a discontent real estate agent whom the spectator first sees in the nude embrace of lover Sofia (Irma Brown). Part three will unite Francisco, João and Sofia at the old man's country estate (which, it should be mentioned, was featured in the opening stills). Here, the couple will come to explore the ruins of an abandoned cinema - where Filho supplies non-diegetic horror-film audio - and bathe, along with Francisco, beneath the thundering cascades of a secluded waterfall. In the latter case, in a further measure of the film's light surreality, and in the second of the Kubrick citations, the milky white water suddenly becomes blood red, washing over João's hair and shoulders.

Neighboring Sound's concluding passage, following its rural digression, will find Francisco confronted with a past crime, and in no position to defend himself against his would be avengers. In fact, as this final act will show, the security firm's very presence in the neighborhood, beginning near the conclusion of part one, is no more than a ruse to get close to the film's guilty patriarch. In this respect, Neighboring Sounds is explicit about its own dramatic construction, as a security plot orchestrated for other purposes, much as it will also knowingly exclude Sofia at the very end, inasmuch as "she has some other story, somewhere else." Neighboring Sounds, in other words, is a film that is fully aware of the means with which it discovers a dramatic subject amid its broader community cast - as its opening Steadicam also shows us. Perhaps Sofia's Neighboring Sounds will come later.

Between Philia and Eros: Noah Baumbach's Frances Ha

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In the third chapter of my dissertation, "The Dawn Patrol, the Group and Male Homo-sociality," I discuss friendship as a form of love (Philia), in relation to the pre-World War II films of Howard Hawks, prompted in part by the director's insistence that beginning with A Girl in Every Port (1928), he made a number of films that might be best classified as "love [stories] between two men." Noah Baumbach's Frances Ha (2012), from a screenplay by Baumbach and lead Greta Gerwig, perfectly fits this framework, save for a gender reversal that matches the heterosexual Frances (Gerwig) with her true-love Sophie (Mickey Sumner): to this end, it will be Gerwig's attached friend who ultimately returns her knowing look in the film's final act confirmation of the former's verbally signposted interpersonal (romantic) ideal. Of course, and in this sense Baumbach again follows the Hollywood master's decades-old lead, Frances shows a greater intensity in her feelings, which she pursues to the point of a misplaced fidelity (leading to her first-act break-up). Frances's behavior in this respect, as in any post-psychoanalytic work - Hawks fits this cultural frame as well - opens itself up to the question of her romantic feelings (Eros), though the film ultimately would seem to see these emotions as latent and largely if not entirely un-interrogated. Then again, Baumbach's nouvelle vague imitation (see The Small Change poster and the subtle Band of Outsiders quotation) does depart from the Hawksian model in its greater preference for shot/reverse-shot set-ups that bring Frances face-to-face with Sophie, in the traditional facing posture of lovers - rather than in the side-to-side disposition favored not only by Hawks, but by sets of friends throughout the history of Western visual representation (see C. S. Lewis's The Four Loves, 1960). Where Baumbach does avail himself most notably of the side-by-side two, in addition to physical stagings such as that reproduced above, are in those moments where the same-sex soul-mates share one bed, in the film's scenes of maximal, if still chaste intimacy. In other words, Baumbach's camera continues to see his homo-social couple as lovers, even when his visual choices more closely align with those traditionally reversed for depictions of friendship. Philia perpetually hints at Eros - though it importantly does not insist - in Baumbach and Gerwig's Frances Ha.

Though the above footnote essentially exhausts my reason for writing on Frances Ha, I would be remiss were I not to at least credit Baumbach's latest, one of his best works to date, with the intelligence of its dialogue, which to extend the film's New Wave inspiration might be described in terms of a Rohmerian eloquence, an aspirational means of communicating that prevailed in American cultural during the pivotal (for the director and my own younger self) 1990s, much more than in the subsequent Mumblecore moment. Laudable too are the film's authentic inscriptions - at least to this experienced writer - of iconic twenty-something New York life, its effective use of musical cues (with the first appearance of "Modern Love" representing an obvious highlight) and finally the personal dimensions and hard-won optimism of Baumbach and especially Gerwig's art.    

New Film: Post Tenebras Lux (2012)

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As writer-director Carlos Reygadas and cinematographer Alexis Zabé's camera rotates amid a closely huddled group of adolescent rugby players, in a cryptic coda that comes after a set of narratively circular scenes that echo Post Tenebras Lux's (2012) ambiguous open, the apparatus pauses for what will prove the film's final line reading, "They've got individuals. We've got a team. Let's go!" With this, Reygadas slyly hints at an explanation for his habitual practice of textual reference: as a means for self-identifying as a member of a unified aesthetic faction, a modernist art-film team (or even a global Leftist ethos, in presumed opposition to capitalist American and Hollywood practice).

Reygadas opens Post Tenebras Lux in act of quotation, in a puddle-covered field populated by the rain sodden Sátántangó's(1994) first-scene bovine subjects. (The filmmaker will crystallize his Tarr reference shortly thereafter, naming one of his mangy canines Béla after the shaggy Hungarian master.) Reygadas's 1.33:1 frame is smudged around the edges in what will prove an on-going, expressionistic strategy that at once refers to the work of Aleksandr Sokurov (cf. Mother and Son, 1997), while also separating Post Tenebras Lux from mundane observed reality. The first-act appearance of a glowing digital devil does similar work, even as it brings to mind Apichatpong Weerasethakul's Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives (2010). Post Tenebras Lux's verdant mountain setting equally recalls the great Thai director's Blissfully Yours (2002), in addition to providing a platform for the picture's La Libertad (Lisandro Alonso, 2001) citation - in Seven's (Willebaldo Torres) vocational forest labor. There are also the film's gestures toward earlier masters, be it the rough-hewn rural home that evokes spiritual godfather Andrei Tarkovsky's The Mirror (1975) or the laboring ass that elicits comparisons to Au hasard Balthazar (1966). Post Tenebras Lux is a work of densest referentiality and of absolute factional fidelity.

Reygadas's Cannes prize-winner - the filmmaker unexpectedly earned the 'best director' prize despite decidedly mixed critical reaction - is no less representative of the filmmaker's idiosyncratic contribution to contemporary film art. To begin with, there is the director's strategy of appropriation, which as the above attests, becomes markedly more diffuse in Post Tenebras Lux - especially in view of the masterful Silent Light's(2007) concentrated response to Ordet (1955). There is also the magisterial narrative circularity of the 2007 feature that the filmmaker renews for his fragmentary latest.  However, it is the graphic sexuality (most associated with the fellatio of Battle of Heaven, 2005) that provides the surest sign of the provocateur's synthetic signature, with the film's housewife lead (Nathalia Acevedo) pleasured by a perverse coterie of sagging, late middle-aged men and women in a French bordello. Contemplative slow cinema with a taste for graphic sex, Reygadas's singular, extreme art incites from both art-film ends.

Of course, it is neither the act of reference nor even the presence of the explicit or abject - the film's rural Mexican location provides an extended site for the latter - that serves as the semi-biographical Post Tenebras Lux's most distinctive feature. Rather it is the film's aggressive obscurity, present in its deeply fragmented and at times a-chronological structure; its surreal fissures and pursuits of fantasies; its adoption of a small child's visual perspective; and most of all, its ubiquitous manipulations of the image surface that mark Post Tenebras Lux as a radical departure for the Reygadas of the long-take, post-Kiarostami Japón(2002), Battle of Heaven and Silent Light. Whether or not this is a welcome shift seems beyond the point for such a singular entry into the contemporary world cinema canon, as does even the question of its respective quality. At this stage, which is to say at the emergence of something new, let us simply say that Post Tenebras Lux heartily deserved its competition slot at Cannes - as the sort of radical work that often finds a place elsewhere, not to mention as a piece of festival-circuit chauvinism - and the attention of all those (however few they may be in number) with a real eagerness for originality.

Post Tenebras Lux will be opening Friday, June 7 at the Sie Film Center in Denver, courtesy of Strand Releasing

New Film: You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet / Vous n'avez encore rien vu (2012)

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Seated in a marble-walled home cinema adorned with rows of plush black couches and over-sized armchairs, twelve French actors, each identified by his or her real name in a previous series of phone calls that convey the tragic news of friend and colleague Antoine d'Anthac's (Denis Podalydès) untimely death, respond to a televised performance of Eurydice, screened for their professional scrutiny as a sort of last will and testament by the deceased playwright. (As a second round of introductions during Antoine's pre-screening message to the assembled actors makes clear, all twelve worked with the director - within the fictional world of the film, that is - in at least one of his two prior stagings of the aforesaid play.) Michel Piccoli is the first to speak, repeating an audible on-screen line and then adding a second as he glances back at the high-definition set in a balanced, multi-figural medium close-up. As the scene continues off screen, Pierre Arditi turns to Piccoli as he phrases his own dialogue (as Orpheé) in response to his fictional father. Following another cutaway to the screen that the filmmakers frame with an elegant marble balustrade that functions equally as a found proscenium, Arditi and Piccoli continue in their remembered reproduction. With the arrival of the eponymous Eurydice (Vimala Pons in the filmed play), Antoine's two generations of female lead, Sabine Azéma and Anne Consigny (pictured), take turns repeating the heroine's opening line - and then reacting to their shared mother, Anne Duperey - as the spontaneous performance begins to to spread among the broader assembly.

As the staged version progresses on and off camera, Jean-Noël Brouté and then Azéma and Ardit (see below), stand to deliver their dialogue for their seated brethren. The latter two, Antoine's first Eurydice and Orpheé, accordingly turn to face one another as their intimate conversation continues - even as the rest of the room persists in watching the (now off-screen) televised version. As director Alain Resnais stages his two frequent collaborators on either edge of his CinemaScope frame - Azéma has been married to the director since 1998 - Mark Snow's orchestral score provides minor-key support for the suddenly emergent feeling emanating from the former legit leads. With Resnais and cinematographer Eric Gautier's camera finding the film's other Eurydice, Consigny's Orpheé, Lambert Wilson, rises from his former rear-ground position to join the whispering actress for a tender, face-to-face exchange. You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Vous n'avez encore rien vu, 2012), in other words, hastens to divide into its two previous casts, which is to say, into the two worlds of experience that animate the thespians' responses to the filmed play-within-the-film.

At this same first-act juncture, Resnais's parallel performances begin to spread into the adjacent spaces of Antoine's Greek-inspired interior. A rear-projected train passes behind Azéma's Eurydice as the stagecraft of the earlier production starts to seep into Resnais's mise en scène. A brief cutaway to the on-screen performance is followed immediately by Azéma and Arditi return to the screening space in what will prove an early indication of the film's ontologically unstable mapping of memory, fantasy and external reality all. Indeed, as the increasingly off-screen contemporary play presses on, its impromptu re-imaginings by the assembled actors will occur not only before the screen or in corners of the large marble hall, but on a train platform and in a separate set of Marseilles bedrooms that disclose the differing, period-determined design strategies employed for the Azéma-Arditi and the Consigny-Lambert productions.

In each of these latter spaces, just as in his prior home-cinema exchanges, Resnais reproduces the shared memories of his two generations of performers, the histories that they lived in common by virtue of their co-inhabited times and places. As a subject for his fictional cinema, collective memory extends back to the beginning - and beyond (see Night and Fog, 1955; and Toute la mémoire du monde, 1956) - to the diagramming of the conversations, copulation and catastrophe of Hiroshima mon amour(1959) and, in negative, to the failure to remember a possible shared past that provides the plot for the filmmaker's follow-up, Last Year at Marienbad (1961). In the particular case of You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet, Resnais gestures toward the parallel structure of his more recent stage-adapted masterwork, Private Fears in Public Places (2006), in rendering the overlapping personal histories of Antoine's successive casts in a series of cross-cut set-pieces that alternately push forward the anchoring Eurydice plot-line.

Consummately and constantly a cinema of memory and of the stage - the nonagenarian director's latest is in this sense alone a signature manifestation of his authorial identity - You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet also adventurously brings to bear strategies drawn from an at times less reputable and much earlier film art, whether it is the aforementioned rear-projection, irises, Resnais's use of intertitles, his deployment of split-screen to showcase Mathieu Amalric (front row center) in both of the bedroom settings, or his predilection for allowing characters to dissolve from view once they've delivered their lines. Resnais calls on the fantastic language of film specifically to externalize and reclaim lost time. Then again, it will be a final act coup de théâtre, a sudden dramatic turn of events, that will push You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet furthest beyond the everyday. With regard to this last narrative twist, suffice it to say that whatever the filmmaker in fact wishes or allows the viewer to believe with this revelation - and there is justification within the world of the narrative - he introduces a both/and logic, at least conceptually, that has long been the Marienbad filmmaker's purview. In Aristotelian terms, You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet manages to be both comedy and drama in its closing moments, however unsatisfying this may prove to many a spectator.

Free in its employment of artifice (see also the expressionistic, Oliveiraesque swirling doorway set-piece that greets each of the villa's visitors) and in its willingness to open itself up to contradiction, You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet is a work of advanced age in the best sense - and one, much unlike the substantially younger Michael Haneke's parasitic Amour (2012), which never succumbs to an act of loathing or pity for the experience. Though his actors are now past the ages of the characters they are portray, the spontaneous joy with which they throw themselves into their performances makes for a very different (and much richer) experience of encroaching mortality than Haneke's unsparing Palme d'Or. Of course, Resnais's semi-biographical 2012 Cannes debut - the filmmaker first attended Jean Anouilh'sEurydice seventy years ago and has been involved in around twenty of the source playwright's productions - is much more about life, and especially a life consumed by a passion for art, than it is death. Few subjects could be more appropriate to what is almost certain to prove one of the final masterstrokes of the nouvelle vague.

I would like to thank my viewing companion (and fellow Resnais lover) Lisa K. Broad for her significant contributions to this piece. Kino Lorber is doing the essential work of distributing the film in the United States. Upcoming dates include a July 24th screening at the Durango 9 in Durango, Colorado and July 26-27th screenings at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

New Film: Before Midnight (2013)

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The consensus selection for the best new film of 2013, six months in, Richard Linklater's Before Midnight conceivably brings one of the recent screen's richest franchises, such as it is, to a courageously corrosive close: eighteen years after early twenty-somethings Jesse (Ethan Hawke) and Céline (Julie Delpy) first became acquainted over a deeply romantic day and night (Before Sunrise, 1995), and another nine since the couple re-connected for a real-time afternoon reunion in Céline's Paris (Before Sunset, 2004), Before Midnight finds the pair on an ultimately argument-filled final day of an extended family vacation in Greece's Peloponnese. The bliss of first sight and rapture of a rekindled (elicit) romance is replaced in Linklater's latest by middle-aged negotiations of familial obligations and career ambitions - or, by the fallout of a passion pursued at all costs. Though it will in this sense prove quite different in the particularity of its subject and the perspectives it offers, Before Midnight emerges nonetheless as a sort of contemporary Symposium, with an extended dinner table conversation replicating the sequence of encomiums that lends Plato's work its structure. Jesse, Céline and (most of all) their Greek dining companions present their twenty-first century standpoints on the differences between the two sexes and (cf. Aristophanes's memorably oddball speech) the romantic economy and virtues of the two, remaining separate or becoming one.

Before Midnight, no less than its predecessors - let us say here that until further notice, Linklater's reputation deserves to reside with these three outstanding efforts - is a talking cinema, most of all. It is in this sense a displaced object of the director's 1990s, of a not-too-distant age in which the mind still seemed a worthy competitor to the body, our own present day's all-consuming concern. More importantly, judging from the film's visual and verbal signposting, is the largely European tradition that Before Midnight extends. Foremost among Linklater and co-screenwriters Delpy and Hawke's sources is Rossellini's expressly referenced Viaggio in Italia (1954), which provides not only an overarching thematic and structure in its inscriptions of mid-life marital tensions (and a final-act romantic resolution), but also presaging passages of conversation, be it Before Midnight's single-take, front-seat two-shot or the couple's speculative perambulation (where mention is indeed made of the mid-century masterpiece's Pompeii set-piece). Visually, in the blocking and reverse-field cutting of its seaside sunset, and verbally in its aforementioned moment of dinner-table dialogue, Before Midnight equally calls to mind Eric Rohmer's very great Le Rayon vert (1986). In fact, we might look to Le Rayon vert likewise for an ancestor to Delpy's occasionally (if not often) unlikable or irritating lead - given especially that Rohmer's female star, Marie Rivière, also earned a co-writing credit for her work in the aforementioned, dialogue-centered feature. Rivière's Delphine, in other words, provides the self-critical template for Delpy's auto-expression.

Following the romantic fantasies that structure the first two films, Before Midnight seeks instead to impart the unpleasant realities and work of their now long-term committed relationship. Linklater, Hawke and Delpy's film confronts and exposes, with the latter again taking the on-screen lead: in one of the series' most instantly iconic and memorable moments, Delpy remains topless for an extended duration as she begins to make love to her partner, answers a telephone call from Jesse's son Hank and then commences to argue with her lover after she fails to give him the phone. It is indeed in the protracted dispute that thus begins, an argument in which Céline decries Jesse's rational tone and wonders aloud if she no longer loves her Before Sunrise one-night stand, where Linklater's latest really shows its emotional weight. As surpassingly clever as the consistently self-reflexive first hour may be, with its conspicuous fictional doubling of the first two films in Jesse's name-checked novels - though it might also be argued that the ESL dialogue does not always provide an entirely adequate match - it is the force of the film's hotel-room finale that insures Before Midnight's greater achievement: as the richest and most mature film about heterosexual relationships since Maren Ade's Everyone Else (2009). 2013's midpoint critical hit feels destined for end-of-the-year, list-season domination.

This piece was co-authored by Michael J. Anderson and Lisa K. Broad.

Le grand amour: The Erotic Imagination of Pierre Étaix

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Staged, in often voiced-over vaudevillian silence, as a series of recollections, desires and contingent realities that collectively map the mental geography of actor-director Pierre Étaix's middle-aged lead, Le grand amour (1969) is indeed a cinema of the male mind, overcome by the obsessive passions that the first sight of Nicole Calfan's eighteen year-old Agnès inspire. Perfectly cast for the spaces that give her grin its wink-like, corrupted adolescent appearance and for the slim shape of her calves as they extend between her sculpted knees and the straps of her black Mary-Jane's, Calfan provides the spectacular sensual presence around which Étaix constructs his digressive imaginings of an adulterous alternative.

In the first of these passages, with Étaix's Pierre drifting into a dream-filled sleep, Le grand amour presents its married male lead rolling over a tree-lined country road on his identical twin bed. As an ethereal vocal combines with the scene's organ score, Pierre passes silently among his fellow mattress-motorists, ultimately reaching his objet du désir as she waits roadside, her short pink negligee fluttering in the gentle breeze. Deliberately, she softly slides her bare legs into Pierre's mobile bed; her much older companion tucks her in and pulls her close as the silently shot, five minute-plus passage continues first on the congested rural thoroughfares, and then in an idyllic wooded park. After the couple finds momentary pause in a private glen, they motor back magically to Pierre and Florence's (Annie Fratellini) master bedroom, thus bringing to its conclusion the most classically surreal moment of screenwriters Étaix and Jean-Claude Carrière's fourth feature-length collaboration.

Elsewhere it is the daydream, the waking fantasy and speculative reflection that provides Le grand amour with its many ruptures from mundane reality. Even prior to Agnès's second-act appearance, Étaix fills his film with sight gags that originate on some level in his character's mind, be it in the kneeling arc of ex-lover brides that take Florence's place or in his spatial alternations between the café's interior and terrace as Pierre struggles to remember where he first spotted his betrothed. (The latter provides occasion for one of a set of comic breaks from the ontological space of Pierre's mind, as a frustrated waiter demands that the lead decide whether he wants to be inside or out.)

Of course, it is not only Pierre's mental activity that finds expression, but that of his circle, including best-friend Jacques (Alain Janey), who speculates on ways to end the factory executive's marriage to Florence - though not without Pierre correcting Jacques's more improbable suggestions (as described by the on-screen, contingent comedic scenarios). It is indeed in Le grand amour's comedy of imagination that Étaix and Carrière bridge the gap between their two most prominent former collaborators: Jacques Tati for Mon Oncleassistant director Étaix - Le grand amour's opening church set-piece offers an especially Tatiesque, gag-heavy comedic aural-scape, with sound effects employed for the purposes of distraction - and Luis Buñuel for the Belle de jour screenwriter.

Le grand amour in fact anticipates another of Carrière and Buñuel's imminent pairings, The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972), in both its digressive subjective structure and also its upper middle-class milieu. The latter provides amble opportunity for parody, as, for example, in one of the film's most original and ingenious set-pieces: the early gossip scene. Here an inconsequential, chance crossing of paths between Pierre and an unidentified female pedestrian escalates in each malicious retelling - as visualized in the passage's progression of pantomimed meetings - until an overweight middle-aged woman, with pastry spread slovenly across her chattering mouth, tells of the couple's clandestine lovemaking behind a bit of park shrubbery. Generally more benign elsewhere, Étaix's bourgeoisie are the authors of the banality that Pierre endeavors to escape with the exquisite Agnès.

Not that Pierre doesn't immediately appear happy (or is in any genuine sense unsatisfied) with the wife and job he never wanted. (Florence and the factory, it should be noted, come together in a large, red-framed portrait that absolutely dominates the mise-en-scène of Pierre's office.) Rather, Agnès offers a pure object of erotic desire, who as it happens threatens his respectable middle-class existence. Le grand amour, however, will prove far less morally anarchic than Carrière's collaborations with Buñuel: Pierre indeed realizes that he and Agnès are incompatibile after she repeats one of his earlier deflections during their one arranged rendezvous. Dropping her off in his newly purchased cherry-red sports car, Pierre confesses that he no longer loves her, bringing their just embarked upon courtship to an abrupt close. In the concluding passage that follows, Pierre joyously reunites with his vacationing wife, Fratellini's attractive in her own right and far more age appropriate Florence, in a comparatively conservative affirmation of the sacramental institution.


***
Off-screen, it bears mentioning, as a closing point of trivia, that Étaix and Fratellini would marry the same year that Le grand amour was released (1969), beginning a union that would continue until the actress's death in 1997. Fratellini, as such, would not survive to see Étaix's belated re-discovery in 2010, when Le grand amour received its first public screening in forty years at the Cannes International film festival. For this writer, Étaix has been 2013's biggest revelation - welcome evidence that Tati was not alone in his great comedic art in the 1960s, but that he instead inspired another major director of that same period - thanks to a spring program of the filmmaker's work at the Denver Film Society and the Criterion Collection's release of the Pierre Étaix box set in April. Along with the signature Yoyo (1965), the film that the massively over-praised, Academy award-winning The Artist (2011) should have been, Le grand amour might just be the director's greatest achievement.

Let me offer a special thanks to Lisa K. Broad for her insights included in this essay.

New Film: The Hunt & Drug War

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A Kafkaesque scenario of the agonizing injustices inflicted upon a kindergarten teacher falsely accused of child sex abuse, Thomas Vinterberg's The Hunt (Jagten, 2012), from a screenplay by Tobias Lindholm and the director, perceptively details the extra-legal apparatus that punishes the middle-aged lead for a single, indiscriminate allegation. The Hunt's inscription of inequity hinges on the fictive testimony of six year-old innocent Klara (Annika Wedderkopp), who in a bout of pre-pubescent sexual jealousy, repeats an explicit utterance of her older brother. Her testimony, however off-handed - and even after she contritely disavows her claim, on more than one occasion - is considered unimpeachable by those in her care: children, as we are reminded repeatedly, never lie. It is on this basis, in accordance with this false proposition, that Lucas (Mads Mikkelsen) is stripped of his teaching job and violently ostracized from the film's small-town (Danish) society. There is no place for due process when it comes to protecting society's most vulnerable from transformative trauma - even when this means destroying the life of the innocent, and implicitly, those he holds closest. The Hunt, in other words, imagines the subject of the director's outstanding The Celebration (Festen, 1998), the absolute peak of the Dogme 95 cycle, from the position of the accused rather than that of the accuser.

The Hunt accordingly presents a problem without an easy solution - blindly believing Lucas is no more advisable from the standpoint of crime prevention, even if in this case we know it would lead to a just outcome, which is to say narrative satisfaction. In this same regard, The Hunt finds itself in a difficult position vis–à–vis its dramatic resolution: either injustice continues to obtain or the apparatus that insures it implausibly collapses. Without being too explicit or direct, Vinterberg and Lindholm find a placating means of having it both ways, of having justice restored while maintaining the film's enraging extra-legal (semi-vigilante) apparatus. However imprecise the allegation, and however faulty the film's initial process of verification - the case is made through a series of leading questions that encourage Klara's assent - the accusation can never be unmade; suspicions can never be completely allayed.

As the above no doubt attests, much of The Hunt's strength resides in its scenario, in the extreme injustice that Vinterberg and Lindholm credibly bring to the screen. Of course, The Hunt relies equally on the achievement of its actors, beginning with the Cannes-laureled Mikkelsen, who exquisitely emotes the arch of his excruciating experience just beneath his controlled surface countenance. Admirable too, among others, are Wedderkopp as the troubled Klara, Susse Wold as the school supervisor who spearheads the investigation-cum-persecution and Alexandra Rapaport as Lucas's nascent, non-native love interest. Visually, The Hunt cues into the film's generative performances, with the filmmakers' hand-held framing and accentuating zooms the most common and clichéd of Vinterberg and cinematographer Charlotte Bruus Christensen's storytelling strategies; there is, in this sense, a remnant of The Celebration's appreciable amateurism. Longer establishing set-ups gracefully render the handsome late autumnal setting that provides the site for the film's eponymous activity, a mid-December snow that strikes wonder into the young Klara and the luminous candlelit church where an inebriated Lucas finally confronts his estranged best-friend Theo (Thomas Bo Larsen), Klara's justifiably aggrieved father. On balance, Vinterberg's The Hunt is certainly laudable work.

I would be remiss were I not now also to offer a word or two in appreciation of Johnnie To's very solid Drug War(Du zhan, 2012), the rare title from the 'Milky Way' master to receive proper commercial distribution in the United States (thanks to upstart Well Go USA). The Chinese-Hong Kong production finds To and company back on Election 2's (2006) Mainland, and in similar organized-crime territory, as a team of undercover officers, with the aid of Louis Koo's informant Timmy Choi, seek to bring down a major trans-Asian meth ring. As is true of the director's best work (The Mission, 1999; Exiled, 2006; and Sparrow, 2008), the success of the film is imbricated in the design and actualization of its comedic and dramatic action-centered set-pieces - which is to say in the true substance of To's modular art. Where Drug War really elevates itself above median Milky Way fare, though I would not go so far as to say that this is one of the director's very best, is in the self-reflexivity that the filmmakers infuse in these passages, whether it is Captain Lei and Choi's (Sun Honglei) literal re-playing of an undercover meeting with Lei shifting identities from one to the next - we have here both an emphasis on role-playing and an occasion for rehearsal, therefore - or the appearance of the deaf brothers, whose visual communication provides an ideal object for optical surveillance. Drug War impressively is about the medium-specific dimensions of its undercover and surveillance subjects.

Of course, To's film, a 105-minute Canto-pop variation of HBO's The Wire, is also about the 'war' of its title, an effort that is shown to be futile in the film's final doubling plea for clemency. This comes on the heals of climactic shootout where To's blocking actively encourages confusion, where cop and criminal, following the film's undercover story line, tend to become indistinguishable. Though thematically appropriate at this juncture, this basic lack of clarity will at other times prove Drug War's most notable deficiency. 

New Film: The Grandmaster (2013)

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The first evidence or rather confirmation to reach the United States that two thousand thirteen belongs foremost to the world-class masters of the Sinophone cinema, Wong Kar-wai's The Grandmaster (Yi dai zong shi, 2013) is quite likely to prove the most unambiguously pleasurable achievement in Greater China's very big year. An epically structured, elegantly staged Ip Man biography that opens on the brief 1930s rapprochement of China's northern and southern martial arts schools, Wong's first magnificent feature in six years soon develops into another of the auteur's signature star-crossed opuses, with Tony Leung's Wing Chun grandmaster falling for the exceedingly skilled daughter (Zhang Ziyi) of an aging northern legend. Following Ip Man's ceremonial defeat of the latter in the opulent, mirror-filled interior of the Golden Pavilion, a brothel and martial arts social club in the Cantonese city of Foshan, the hero and heiress Gong Er stage their own combat exhibition, despite period prohibitions that forbid women from fighting.

The resulting set-piece represents not only one of Ip Man's few matches with an equal, but indeed the lone occasion in which he is bested by an opponent. Of course, it comes in an exchange that Wong infuses with an ecstatic sensuality, where Ip Man clasps the female lead's wrist and where Gong Er circles above her fellow combatant, as their faces come within a hair's breadth of touching. With hand-to-hand combat thus providing a metonymy for the sexual act, Ip Man and Gong Er's exchange proves one of The Grandmaster's rare consummated unions, where two appropriately paired figures meet, in Wongian discourse, at precisely the right time of life.

The married Ip Man's consequent attempts to renew his relationship with Gong Er are thwarted first by the sudden onset of the Japanese Occupation, and later by Gong Er's private vows to avenge her father's death. Their time, in other words, will never again be right - in much the same way that the Ip Man's various master opponents all-to-often challenge the Southern hero far too late in their own professional existences. In this regard, The Grandmaster morphs into a martial arts variation on the filmmaker's middle-aged masterpiece, In the Mood for Love (2000): Ip Man and Gong Er's time will pass before they (in their case) renew their acquaintance in the colorized Hong Kong of the early 1950s. Fate will prevent their permanent romantic happiness.

As the above attests, The Grandmaster, like every great Wong, is all about time. Time as it is refracted through Ip Man and Gong Er's frustrated romance or in Ip Man's equitable and ill-matched contests alike, but time also it is expressed in Wong's archetypal aesthetic, in the step printing process and slow motion effects that filters and pulls time apart, investing the instant and the momentary - which is to say the true substance of Wong's art - with an added weight. The film's focalized temporal register is also felt in the de-saturated photos that freeze similar points-in-time, not to mention in the voice-over narration that implies some indistinct point in the future from which Ip Man in particular reminisces about his great unfulfilled love. The Grandmaster, in short, is at once an object of temporal manipulation and reorganization and an attempt, however vain, to recapture time that has been lost.

Wong's visual strategies equally serve the filmmaker's excessive attention to surface appearances and his commensurate fetishism: in the film's expert opening action set-piece, a cascade of individual raindrops slice off the side of Ip Man's brimmed white hat, thus providing as concentrated a site for pure spectacle as the combat itself (which in the scene's under-lit staging will prove more two-dimensional than three, more a matter of surface than of depth). In the amber corridors of the Golden Pavilion and on the snowy rail platforms of the north, Wong turns his attention to the way in which his performers' footwear slides across the hardwood and through the light powder, again making extensive use of slow-motion to emphasize his visual subject. Finally there is the film's truest fetish of all, the coat-button that Ip Man saves and ultimately gives to Gong Er to commemorate the reunion that the Occupation repressed. It is in other words visual evidence of his enduring passion.

For all its interest in the interior and the imagistic, The Grandmaster makes skillful use of the more conventional features of film language. Indeed, in what might be termed Wong's post-classicism, the director makes special use of his block strategies within his shot/reverse-shot editing chains: as Gong Er and her father's former protegee face off in one of the film's most heated confrontations, each occupies the edge of the frame  that they look off, thus visually implying their increased interpersonal aggression. Likewise, when Ip Man and Gong Er meet for the last time, Wong sets each of the two characters in the same left-center position in the wide screen, suggesting the same affinity that the narrative otherwise establishes. Wong accordingly makes master (if intensified) use of classical continuity editing.

Elsewhere one might cite the film's sterling star chemistry, vivid secondary characterizations, assured hand-to-hand stagings and moving musical cues as evidence of Wong's supreme mastery of a convention mode of screen entertainment - to augment Wong's always personal discourse. Recalling the epic early 1990s pinnacles of China's Fifth Generation, not to mention Hou Hsiao-hsien's supreme Sino masterpiece, Flowers of Shanghai (1998), The Grandmaster is both the latest ecumenical attempt at forging a combined Chinese identity in its shared historical experience and also a founding-myth narrative for Wong and Leung's Hong Kong home.

This piece was co-authored by Michael J. Anderson and Lisa K. Broad.

Previewing The 36th Starz Denver Film Festival

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Since mid-July, the overwhelming majority of my film-viewing has been devoted to next month's Starz Denver Film Festival, first in previewing nearly forty festival submissions, and consequently in contributing program notes for more than thirty additional features. Over the next few weeks, this virtual space will be overtaken by the same project, with Lisa reprising last year's exceedingly popular SDFF Report Card, and both she and I contributing longer reviews when we are so moved. The reader may indeed rest assured that longer analyses of two of this year's unequivocal festival peaks, Jia Zhangke's A Touch of Sin and Paolo Sorrentino's The Great Beauty, will follow over the course of the coming weeks (as hopefully will other pieces for unexpected pleasures not yet seen). In the meantime, from the remaining thirty official selections that I have screened thus far, I have chosen the following six title sample as especially deserving the reader's attention and viewing resources.

Among the number of promising feature-length debuts included in this year's SDFF, none showed the formal intelligence and rigor of former critic Eddie Mullins's Doomsdays, an American indie slacker comedy that shades toward the truly anarchic and counter-cultural. (If you click through to the description of this or any title on the Denver Film Center website, you will notice, no doubt, my wanton self-plagiarism.) Displaying considerable consideration of alternative methods for telling a story in visual and spatial terms, Mullins relies almost exclusively on highly choreographed long-take set-ups, where a punch-line or plot-point is allowed to developed in a receding plane or on the edges of the frame. Indeed, for a film - home-invasion themed - where "being caught" is a constant source of suspense and especially comedy, Mullins has produced an art that privileges the commensurate act of seeing, and subtly encourages a more active form of spectatorship. If only a fraction of independent filmmakers showed the attention to form and stylistic ambition that Mullins reveals in his first feature, the American indie cinema would be a far richer field.

The mid-tier latest from one of the two most important Sub-Saharan African art-film directors to emerge since the mid-1990s - the other is Mauritania's Abderrahmane Sissako - Mahamat-Saleh Haroun's Grigris pushes the understated Chadian auteur of the exceptional Abouna (2002) and Daratt (2006) into novel feminist territory, as the film segues, in its final act, from the low-key nocturnal city to the bright, picturesque African savanna. (Antoine Heberle’s handsome cinematography was honored at this year's Cannes film festival.) However, like the aforementioned career highlights, a male lead remains focal, with Souleymane Démé's eponymous, physically impaired hero providing the haptic presence around which Haroun constructs his humanistic crime drama. In fact, the rhythmic advantage that Grigris makes of his disability - within the film's throbbing, neon-lit discotheque passages - provides Haroun's work with its most memorable and even transcendent moments of pure cinema.

Heavily atmospheric, elliptical and even dream-like, writer-director Daniel Patrick Carbone's feature-length debut Hide Your Smiling Faces provides further evidence of Terrence Malick's growing influence over the the latest generation of American independent filmmakers. Built around an incomprehensible summer-vacation tragedy that occurs within a verdant exurban New Jersey setting, Carbone authentically brings the homo-social interactions of a loosely connected group of teen and preteen boys to the screen, emphasizing the almost ritual violence - and threats of even greater harm - that defines their everyday existence. In its near complete absence of young female actors, moreover, Hide Your Smiling Faces is that very rare coming-of-age film where sex does not figure prominently in the equation. The young male mind is otherwise occupied in Carbone's quietly affecting, carefully calibrated indie drama.

Recipient of the prestigious Camera d'Or prize at this year's Cannes Film Festival - the first Singaporean feature to be honored by the French fest - Anthony Chen's Ilo Ilo finds unexpected emotional warmth in the unusual bond that forms between Teresa, a non-citizen Filipino maid, and Jiale, a serially mischievous eleven year-old bully. Conventional Asian art cinema in most respects, Chen's undeniably assured, semi-biographical debut nonetheless manages a national specificity that will prove most conspicuous in the corporal form of punishment that the charismatic young lead Koh Jia Ler receives before an audience of his classmates. The film's historical inscription of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis contributes equally, though less distinctively, to Chen's construction of national identity, while also serving as the catalyst for the film's collapsing middle-class milieu (which the spectator witnesses alongside the picture's on-screen outsider surrogate Teresa).

A habitually enchanting film essay that above all submits to the surreal operations of chance, though in a fashion that is more whimsical than radical, Oskar Alegria's The Search for Emak Bakia seeks an answer to the origins of Man Ray's mysterious Basque-language film title, Emak-Bakia. Most meaningfully, Algeria's lightly experimental feature documentary represents an act of exhumation: of the forgotten meanings of an all-but-dead Euskara language and the even more obscure private histories - from table tennis-champion Romanian princesses to resurrected clowns - that Alegria's digressive approach manages to uncover. Yet another feature film debut, The Search for Emak Bakia is a surprisingly easy pleasure and one of the left-field discoveries of SDFF 36.

Award the Silver Bear (Alfred Bauer Prize) at this year's Berlin International Film Festival, former critic and occasional documentarian Denis Côté'sVic+Flo Saw a Bear provides early and relatively decisive localized evidence of Quebec's rumored 2013 boom. Centering on Victoria and Florence, a same-sex couple who seek refuge from their troubled pasts in the remote forests of the French-Canadian province, Vic+Flo Saw a Bear strings together a series of initially naturalistic set-pieces that alternate between mobile camera movements and conspicuously static set-ups. Throughout, Côté deftly affects an atmosphere of uncertainty and lingering dread, a sense that he imparts in no small measure through his mysterious and menacing cast of locals. This feeling is confirmed by the film's spectacularly sadistic, almost impossible to watch concluding violent act to which conspicuously static set-ups. Throughout, Côté deftly affects an atmosphere of uncertainty and lingering dread, a sense that he imparts in no small measure through his mysterious and menacing cast of locals. This feeling is confirmed by the film's spectacularly sadistic, almost impossible to watch climactic act to which Côté's title obliquely refers. A flamboyantly surreal concluding flourish will follow in this award-winner from the fast-rising under forty.

36th Starz Denver Film Festival: A Touch of Sin (2013)

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Conceived as an oblique, 21st-century take on the wuxia (literally "martial hero") film, where that genre’s perpetual rendering of motion is transformed and displaced onto China’s exceedingly mobile, circulating workforce, A Touch of Sin (Tian Zhu Ding, 2013) divides into four fluid, gently overlapping parts, with each centering on an economically marginalized protagonist. Working from mainland China’s snowy north to its subtropical south, director Jia Zhangke presents a remarkably comprehensive and detailed snapshot of China's economic and cultural present. The film opens with Dahai (the exceptionally charismatic Wu Jiang), a poor laborer incensed by his village chief’s failure to make good on an earlier promise. Dahai ultimately responds with extreme, even shocking violence in a segment that will confirm the pattern for each of the film’s subsequent three sections.

'Confirm' rather 'establish' as Dahai's Shanxi-set opening segment is preceded by a thematically generative triple killing perpetrated by the film's second subject, Zhou San (Wang Baoqiang). With Zhou's brief entry into and disappearance from Jia's narrative, the Mainland master begins his work of creating a national space that extends - and more importantly, persists - far beyond the limits of the filmmaker's frame. In audio-visual terms, Jia reinforces this sense of great spatial expanse with an aurally dense off-camera field (that emerges again beyond the boundaries of the film's graceful widescreen compositions). In this respect, A Touch of Sin continues the formal project of Platform (2000) and Unknown Pleasures (2002), whose Shanxi setting the Dahai segment expressly shares.

Geographically, Zhou's second section shifts into the Chongqing municipal location of the director's Three Gorges-themed Still Life (2006), with Zhou arriving by ferry boat - Still Life's preferred form of transportation and another in A Touch of Sin's exhaustive variety of conveyances. With Zhou disappearing again into the vast Mainland off-screen, A Touch of Sin transitions to long-time Jia axiom Zhao Tao, as the actress's Xiao Yu faces an uncertain future with her married, factory-executive lover. After being assaulted by the latter's spurned wife, Xiao finds herself in an even more perilous confrontation in her spa workplace. In the consequent explosion of violence, Jia's film breaks most decisively from any semblance of naturalism, with Xiao striking down her aggressors in manga-inspired moment of Japanese sword-play - not that there aren't other moments of the surreal: see the tiger's non-diegetic roar.

In spite of its uncharacteristic, Takeshi Kitano-influenced eruptions of violence (the effect and meaning of these seemingly unconnected incidents slowly accumulates over the course of the film) the writer-director's latest remains recognizably his own, from the aforementioned articulations of off-camera space to the post-communist kitsch on sale in the film’s fleshy final segment, a set-piece that brings to mind another of Jia's impressive array of masterworks, The World (2004). As the filmmaker surveys his homeland’s deeply troubled materialist present, he provides an almost comprehensive catalog of his many emphases, whether it is the injustices that his actors suffer, the motivations for the violence that in each instance is based on real events or even the multitude of regions and dialects to which the director gives cinematic voice.

This is all to suggest that there is admirable conceptual completeness to A Touch of Sin, which also functions as a kind of mid-career retrospective for one of China's greatest living directors. Indeed, Jia's Cannes prize-winning latest is no less than a major masterpiece and one of the year's very best films.

This piece was modified by Lisa and myself from my original Starz Denver Film Festival program notes, available here. Kino Lorber is doing the good work of distributing this great film in North America.
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